A recent study conducted by the Congressional Research Service (CRS) revealed that "most U.S.-destined illicit fentanyl appears to be produced clandestinely in Mexico," predominantly due to the operations of the Sinaloa Cartel and the Jalisco New Generation Cartel (CJNG). The findings were published on March 22.
According to the CRS report, Mexico plays a significant role in US drug control policy. As a primary source and transit country for illicit drugs, particularly fentanyl, Mexico's importance cannot be overstated. The CRS noted that in 2019, Mexico surpassed China as the main source of US-destined illicit fentanyl. The US Department of State’s 2024 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report discovered that six major fentanyl precursors are currently controlled by Mexico. While these precursors are generally subject to international regulations, many can be procured illegally from China and other countries.
The CRS stated that Transnational criminal organizations (TCOs), notably the Sinaloa Cartel and Jalisco Next Generation (CJNG), are primarily responsible for fentanyl production in Mexico. These organizations control the influx of fentanyl into the US, mainly through the southern border. Despite joint efforts by both Mexican and American governments, only 10% of fentanyl is intercepted at ports of entry across the border.
According to CRS, past attempts by the US to collaborate with other nations to halt the production and transmission of fentanyl have been largely unsuccessful. Following a peak in cooperation between China and America in 2019, there was a hiatus until 2023. Cooperation between Mexico and America began in 2021 but has been fraught with tension due to President López Obrador's denial that fentanyl was produced in his country and his criticism of US actions such as arresting Mexico's former defense minister and DEA operations. Despite these challenges, the Biden Administration continues its pursuit of a resolution to the country's relationship with Mexico.
The CRS report also highlighted that the US Congress will continue to play a pivotal role in shaping future cooperative efforts between the US and Mexico through legislative action. Congress has already taken steps through the National Defense Authorization Act for FY 2024, which mandates collaborative efforts to combat fentanyl trafficking, assesses potential Chinese government involvement, and authorizes cyber operations against Mexican TCOs. Future decisions by Congress regarding foreign assistance to Mexico will further shape counternarcotics policy, potentially influencing Mexico's willingness to assist the US in its fight against fentanyl.
According to the CRS website, CRS serves as a shared staff for all congressional committees and members of the US Congress. It supports Congress throughout the legislative process, from bill drafting to oversight, and provides analysis on various topics, evaluating current policies and proposed alternatives.
